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2021 May 18;40(1):173

Hyperglucagonemia during insulin deficiency accelerates protein catabolism

While our bodies produce it naturally, factors like chronic stress, poor diet, and sleep deprivation can deplete our internal stores over time

Further accumulation of uremic toxins, which leads to uremic syndrome, can, among others, cause neurotoxicity, disruption in the BBB integrity, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and disturbance of brain neurotransmitter amino acids balance (Hamed, 2019)

GLP-1s also affect the hypothalamus in the brain, which further reduces hunger even when losing weight

The distribution and mechanism of action of ghrelin in the CNS demonstrates a novel hypothalamic circuit regulating energy homeostasis